Endnotes

¹ These 70 family types cover about 90% of households. The Self-Sufficiency Standard can also be calculated for a wider range of family types, including larger and multi-generational families.

<>² These costs are based on a survey of renters who have rented their unit within the lasts two years, excluding new housing (two years old or less), substandard housing, and public housing. For West Virginia, we created ratios (based on data from the National Low Income Housing Coalition’s Local Area Low Income Housing Database) for four WV MSAs: Charleston, WV; Huntington-Ashland WV-KY-OH; Steubenville-Weirton OH-WV; and Wheeling WV-OH. The ratios for the eight counties within these four MSAs were then applied to the FMRs. NLIHC Renter Households Data.  http://www.nlihc.org/research/lalihd/renterreport.pdf.

³ Because of the lack of availability of efficiencies (studio apartments) in some areas, and their very uneven quality, the Self-Sufficiency Standard uses one-bedroom units for the single-adult and childless couple.

<>⁴ State of West Virginia Department of Family Services, Child Care Program.West Virginia Child Care Market Rate Survey 2005. (2005 ratio applied to 2007 statewide data for counties.)

⁵ Veum, J.R. & Gleason, P.M. (1991). Child care arrangements and costs. Monthly Labor Review, 114(10), 10-17. Note also that relative care (other than the parent) particularly for younger children and lower-income parents, accounts for a significant amount of child care for children under three (27% compared to 17% in family day care and 22% in child care centers). Day care by relatives is usually but not always, in the relative’s home, and is usually, though not always, paid. Thus relative care more closely resembles (and may actually be) day care homes rather than day care centers. For children three years and older, the predominant child care arrangement is the child care center, accounting for 45% of the care (compared to 14% in family child care, and 17% in relative care. Capizzano, J., Adams, G & Sonenstien, F. (2000). Child care arrangements for children under five; Variation across states. New federalism: National survey of America’s families. (Series B, No. B07). Washington, DC: the Urban Institute.

⁶ Although the Standard does not follow the Food Stamps Program (which uses the Thrifty Food Plan), both the Standard and the Food Stamps Program use the most recent food costs as an annual average because the USDA does not produce annual averages for food costs. US Department of Agriculture, Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion. Official USDA Food Plans: Cost of food at home at four levels, US Average, May 2008. http://www.cnpp.usda.gov/Publications/FoodPlans/2008/CostofFoodMay08.pdf

⁷ US Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics. (October 2008). Consumer expenditures in 2006. Table 4. Size of consumer unit: Average annual expenditures and characteristics. (Report 1010). http://www.bls.gov/cex/csxann06.pdf.

⁸ In this report, single-parents are referred to as “she” because 83% of one parent families are headed by females. Casper, L. & M., J (2001). America’s families and living arrangements: 2000. (US Census Bureau, Current Population Reports, Series P20-537). Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office.

⁹ ACCRA Cost of Living Index: Grocery Costs. (2008, January). The ACCRA Web site is http://www.accra.org. Food costs for West Virginia are taken from the Charleston grocery costs, which have been calculated as an average of the second and third quarter or at .95 of the national average. Note that although the ACCRA Cost of Living Index is generally intended for upper middle income families, the ACCRA grocery index is standardized to price budget grocery items regardless of the shopper’s socioeconomic status.

¹⁰ Porter, C. & Deakin, E. (1995). Socioeconomic and journey-to-work data: A compendium for the 35 largest US metropolitan areas. Berkeley, CA: Institute of Urban and Regional Development, University of California.

¹¹ 2002 American Community Survey. Means of transportation to work for workers 16 years and over. State comparison, sorted by public transportation. http://www.census.gov/Press-Release/www/2004/pubtrans_state.xls

¹² National Association of Insurance Commissioners (NAIC). (2004, September). 2001/2002 Auto insurance database report. Average premiums and expenditures 1998-2002. NAIC Research Library.

¹³ West Virginia Insurance Commission. 2005 West Virginia Annual Automobile Survey.http://www.wvinsurance.gov/consumer/pdf/Auto_Survey.pdf

¹⁴ American Automobile Association. Your Driving Costs. http://www.ouraaa.com/news/library/drivingcost/driving.html

¹⁵ U.S. Department of Transportation. National Household Travel Survey . http://nhts.ornl.gov

¹⁶ Kaiser Family Foundation. State Health Facts Online. West Virginia: Nonelderly with Employer Coverage. Rate of Nonelderly with Employer Coverage by Employment Status, State Data 2006, http://www.statehealthfacts.org

¹⁷ Kaiser Family Foundation. State Health Facts Online. Health cost and budgets. West Virginia: Average Annual cost of employment-based health insurance – single coverage, 2006, and West Virginia: Average Annual cost of employment – based health insurance – family coverage, 2006. http://www.statehealthfacts.org

¹⁸ Citro & Michael, op.cit.

¹⁹ West Virginia Department of Revenue, State Tax Department. Important Notice West Virginia Sales and Use Tax Changes for the Year 2004. http://www.wvtax.gov/tsdPublications.html

²⁰ Federation of Tax Administrators. Comparison of State and Local Retail Sales Taxes. http://www.taxadmin.org/fta/rate/sl_sales.html